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Grade 12 Geography P1 Memo Sept 2025

Yhjkngh

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47K views11 pages

Grade 12 Geography P1 Memo Sept 2025

Yhjkngh

Uploaded by

okuhlendzuzo1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

NATIONAL

SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

SEPTEMBER 2025

GEOGRAPHY P1
MARKING GUIDELINE

MARKS: 150

This marking guideline consists of 8 pages.


2 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/SEPTEMBER 2025)

SECTION A: CLIMATE AND WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

QUESTION 1: CLIMATE AND WEATHER

1.1 1.1.1 A (1)

1.1.2 C (1)

1.1.3 B (1)

1.1.4 A (1)

1.1.5 C (1)

1.1.6 C (1)

1.1.7 A (1)

1.1.8 D (1) (8 x
1) (8)

1.2 1.2.1 Y (1)

1.2.2 Y (1)

1.2.3 Y (1)

1.2.4 X (1)

1.2.5 X (1)

1.2.6 Y (1)

1.2.7 Y (1) (7 x
1) (7)

1.3 1.3.1 9/nine (1) (1 x


1) (1)

1.3.2 From 10 March, Jude moved westwards (1)


On 11 March, Jude moved southwards (1) then, from the 12
March to 13 March Jude moved South Easterly (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

1.3.3 10 March 2025 (2) (1 x


2) (2)

1.3.4 Flooding (2)


Buildings collapsed/submerged (2)
Telephone lines twisted (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x
2) (4)

1.3.5 Strong winds caused storm surge / rapid rise in sea level (2) (6)
Strong winds result in rise in sea level that led to flooding (2)
Storm surges may cause extensive erosion along the coast (2)

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(EC/SEPTEMBER 2025) GEOGRAPHY P1 3
Lack of clean water (2)
Destructive winds destroy ecosystem and biodiversity (2)
Strong winds may uproot trees (2)
Strong winds may throw loose debris to the atmosphere (2)
[ANY THREE] (3 x
2)

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4 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/SEPTEMBER 2025)
1.4 1.4.1 The leading edge of advancing cold air (2)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.2 Cover crops with protective materials (1)


Use windbreaks (1)
Provide adequate shelter for livestock (1) (3 x 1) (3)

1.4.3 Decrease in temperature (2)


Atmospheric pressure decreases (but increases with cold sector) (2)
Cloud cover increases / cumulonimbus clouds form (2)
More precipitation / heavy rain / snow / hail / thunderstorms (2)
Humidity decreases (2)
Wind direction changes (backs northwest to southwest) (2)
Increase in wind speed / sudden gusty winds (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.4 Extreme cold weather damage crops (2)


Gale-force winds/strong winds damage crops (2)
Heavy rain cause floods that is negative for crops (2)
Hail damage crops (2)
Quality of crops is compromised due to cold temperatures (2)
Cold temperatures can weaken plants making them more
vulnerable to diseases (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

1.5 1.5.1 Katabatic wind (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.2 Terrestrial radiation results in the cooling of the surface (2)


Cold surface of the valley slopes is required to cool down air that
forms a cold, downslope wind at night (2)
Cool air at the surface gets heavy/dense and rolls down the slope
under gravity (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.3 Cold air becomes dense and sinks (1)


Pressure differences at crest and valley floor (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.4 Temperature inversion (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.5 Low-lying area where cold air accumulates, leading to a higher risk
of frost compared to the surrounding areas (2) (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.6 On a dry, clear and cold night (2)


On the valley floor as a result of temperature inversion (2)
Cold air drains down valley slopes (2)
Dew point temperature is below the freezing point, water condenses
to ice crystals (2) (4 x 2) (8)
[60]

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(EC/SEPTEMBER 2025) GEOGRAPHY P1 5

QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY

2.1 2.1.1 B (1)

2.1.2 A (1)

2.1.3 A (1)

2.1.4 C (1)

2.1.5 D (1)

2.1.6 D (1)

2.1.7 A (1)

2.1.8 A (1) (8 x (8)


1)

2.2 2.2.1. A (1)

2.2.2 C (1)

2.2.3 A (1)

2.2.4 C (1)

2.2.5 C (1)

2.2.6 B (1)

2.2.7 B (1) (7 x (7)


1)

2.3 2.3.1 The distinct curve/loop in the course of a river channel (2)
[CONCEPT] (1x
2) (2)

2.3.2

(3 x 1) (3)

2.3.3 Slip-off slope has a convex slope (2) (6)


The slope is gentle (2)
Water flows slowly on the inner bank (2)
More deposition occurs (2)
Undercut slope has a concave slope (2)
The slope is steep (2)
Water flows fast in the outer bank (2)

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6 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/SEPTEMBER 2025)
There is more erosion (2)
[ANY TWO] (3 x
2)

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(EC/SEPTEMBER 2025) GEOGRAPHY P1 7

2.3.4 In the middle course, the river has more energy and a higher
volume of water as a result of tributaries joining (2)
Lateral erosion starts to widen the river channel (2)
As the river erodes laterally, it forms large bends and horse shoe
like loops called meanders (2)
[ANY THREE] (2 x 2) (4)

2.4 2.4.1 Ungraded (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.2 Lake (2) (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.3 Permanent base level has a fixed point (2)


There is ultimate limit of erosion (2)
Temporary base level can change due to local factors (2)
Can exist along the rivers (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.4 In the upper course downward erosion takes place causing a


steep valley slope (2)
Headward erosion removes temporary base level of erosion/
accept example, e.g. water falls (2)
Rapids are removed by downward erosion (2)
In the middle course the stream carrying capacity increases (2)
Obstacles such as lakes are filled with river load (2)
Lateral erosion dominates (2)
In the lower course more deposition takes place (2)
The slope is gentler (2)
River profile will develop a concave (2)
Balance between erosion and deposition will result in a graded
profile (2) (4 x 2) (8)

2.5 2.5.1 Using river resources in a sustainable way so that it will be


available for future generations
[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.2 Mining activities (1)


Industrial activities (1)
Power generation (1)
Agricultural use of water (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

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8 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/SEPTEMBER 2025)

2.5.3 In mining mines produce waist that increases minerals and salt
content of the rivers (2)
Acid levels in water increases due to acid mine drainage (2)
Industries use water to cool machinery raising the temperature
of water (2)
Industrial waste pollute rivers (2)
Power generation pollute water sources (2)
Agricultural use of water ‒ chemicals used are washed away
by surface run-off and deposited into the rivers (2)
Eutrophication occurs (2)
Algae bloom (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.4 Serves as a source of water for wild life (2)


Serves a habitat for the diverse wild life (2)
Play a role in the ecosystem/biodiversity (2)
Offers opportunities to tourists to explore the parks through
leisure activities, accept examples such as, fishing/boat rides (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.5 Educate public/awareness campaigns on water conservation (2)


Educate farmers on sustainable farming methods (2)
Wetlands must be conserved (2)
Fines to be imposed (2)
Create buffer zones close to rivers (2)
Frequent testing of water quality (2)
Legislations to prevent dumping (2)
Encourage afforestation (2)
[ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)
[60]

TOTAL SECTION A: 120

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(EC/SEPTEMBER 2025) GEOGRAPHY P1 9

SECTION B

QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES

3.1 MAP SKILLS AND CALCULATIONS

3.1.1 B (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.2 C (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.3 D (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.4 188º (2) (1 x 2) (2)

3.1.5 VI = 731,5 m – 645 m = 86,5 m (1)


HE = 4,1 cm x 100 = 410 m (1)
86,5
410 (1)

G = 1 : 4,71 (1) (4 x
1) (4)

3.1.6 For every 4,71 metres you walk horizontally you rise by 1 metre
(1)
(1 x 1) (1)

3.2 MAP INTERPRETATION

3.2.1 Availability of non-perennial rivers (1)


Availability of non-perennial water (1)
Numerous reservoirs (1)
Availability of furrow (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

3.2.2 3rd stream order (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.3 Area J has a 3rd stream order whereas area I has a 2nd stream
order (2)
The higher the stream order, the bigger the drainage basin (2)
More tributaries in area J than in area I (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.4 Parallel drainage pattern (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.2.5 The steams flow in the same direction (2)


The flow of rivers is fast and straight (2)
Main river and tributaries flow parallel to each other (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.2.6 confluence (1) (1 x 1) (1)

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10 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/SEPTEMBER 2025)

3.3 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

3.3.1 Demarcate an area around or along a feature (2)


[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.2 Row of trees (1)


Recreational ground (1)
Golf course (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

3.3.3 Sewerage works (1)


Chemicals from farms (1) (2 x 1) (2)

3.3.4 Helps catchment managers to identify pollution sources


(2)
Queries may be asked to determine the location and
number of farms, factories and mines in the catchment
areas (2)
Implementing effective management strategies (2)
Discourage wasteful forms of irrigation (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
[30]

TOTAL SECTION B: 30
GRAND TOTAL: 150

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(EC/SEPTEMBER 2025) GEOGRAPHY P1 11

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Common questions

Powered by AI

Stream order refers to the hierarchical position of a stream in a drainage network, where higher stream orders indicate larger drainage basins with more tributaries . For example, in area J with a 3rd stream order, the drainage basin is larger and has more tributaries than area I with a 2nd stream order .

Industrial activities impact rivers through the discharge of heated water used for cooling machinery, raising water temperatures, and by releasing industrial waste that pollutes rivers. For example, chemicals and waste materials from factories can introduce contaminants, affecting aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity .

Storm surges are primarily caused by strong winds associated with severe weather systems like cyclones or hurricanes. These winds push the water towards the shore, leading to a rapid rise in sea level . This can result in extensive coastal erosion and flooding, leading to habitat destruction, damage to infrastructure, and loss of biodiversity .

In the middle course of a river, increased water volume and energy from tributaries enhance lateral erosion, widening the channel and creating large bends known as meanders. This process forms horse-shoe like structures as the river erodes the outer banks and deposits sediments on the inner banks .

Lateral erosion plays a pivotal role in shaping the river channel by widening it, especially in the middle course where energy is higher due to tributary contribution. This balance results in the development of a concave river profile, ultimately achieving a state where deposition and erosion occur at nearly equal rates, known as a graded profile .

Recommended strategies include educating farmers on sustainable farming practices, implementing fines for non-compliance, conserving wetlands, creating buffer zones near rivers, and enforcing legislation to prevent pollutant dumping . These measures help reduce chemical run-off into rivers and maintain water quality .

A katabatic wind forms when terrestrial radiation cools the surface at night, causing the air near the surface to cool, become dense, and flow downhill due to gravity . This wind can lead to temperature inversions in valleys, increasing the risk of frost, which can affect local agriculture and ecosystems .

GIS facilitates environmental management by allowing catchment managers to identify and monitor pollution sources, query the location and density of anthropogenic activities such as farming and industrial operations, and implement targeted management strategies like discouraging wasteful irrigation methods .

Slip-off slopes feature a convex and gentle slope where water flows slowly, leading to deposition of sediments. In contrast, undercut slopes have a concave and steep profile where water flows rapidly, resulting in increased erosion . Both these features are integral parts of river meanders, created due to the lateral erosion and sediment deposition processes .

Temperature inversions occur when cold air accumulates in valleys, leading to conditions where the air at the surface is cooler than the air above. This increases the risk of frost on clear, cold nights, as the ground temperature drops below the freezing point and water vapor condenses into ice crystals, posing threats to agriculture .

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